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However, there is relatively little evidence that national qualifications frameworks achieve these goals (Young, 2005:1). Fourth and finally, companies could play a strategic game with their competitors and use over-compliance as a strategic tool. Suppose a company develops new technology to achieve higher environmental standards. Even though this technology is more expensive than existing technologies, it could give the first innovator an advantage over other companies if it becomes the basis for a regulatory requirement. This hypothesis is an example of Salop and Scheffman`s (1983) argument that a share, even if it is costly, can benefit an enterprise if it puts the firm`s competitors even worse off. For these reasons, the courts have classified insurance contracts in the general category of affiliation contracts and developed some more protective rules for the interpretation of insurance contracts (Baker 1994). Insurance contracts have long been considered a paradigmatic adhesion contract (see contracts: legal perspectives). Table 7 summarizes the EU`s application of different forms of import barriers resulting from anti-dumping investigations from 1989 to 2011. Each entry is the percentage of the total anti-dumping measures after exported origin, implemented in the form listed.bj the UNION has imposed almost two thirds of the measures as ad valorem duties and around 10% as specific duties; As has already been said, these specific rights may also discriminate between trading partners and, in particular, vis-à-vis those who produce cheaper varieties. .